do you want to learn :pulse width modulation, spike timing, computing with extents
Findings
1. Rhythm
2. Language as the Carrier of Information
2. Language as the Carrier of Information
Rhythm has a regular beat frequency, and variations within the period of the beat produce a unique message or motion sequence.
2. Language as the Carrier of Information
2. Language as the Carrier of Information
2. Language as the Carrier of Information
So the regular beat of the rhythm is called a carrier of information, and by itself contains no information because it is regular. The information in the rhythm is the variations (modulations) within the periods of the regular carrier beat frequency.
3. The Language of Music
2. Language as the Carrier of Information
4. The Language of Telegraphy
The language of music defines the set of rules that describe the tempo, time signature of the carrier (beat) of the rhythm, and the major and minor key, the frequency (tone) of notes, and the symbols used for rests, loudness, and key that the music is to be played in. And the message information is determined by the unique set of these symbols and notes used in the carrier to produce a unique piece of music.
4. The Language of Telegraphy
6. The Language of Pulse Width Modulation
4. The Language of Telegraphy
The language of Morse code in automatic send and receive (ASR) telegraphy defines the carrier as a regular (rhythmic) pulse train of around 6 Hz and the set of dash, dot, and blank code values that can be placed within the carrier pulses, and the letters and other key strokes that are defined by specific sequences of code values. The information is in the set of code values in a unique message.
5. The Language of AM Radio
6. The Language of Pulse Width Modulation
6. The Language of Pulse Width Modulation
The language of continuous sound amplitude modulation (AM) radio defines the rules of a rhythmic carrier frequency and broadcast frequency, and the information is the audio signal that is added to the carrier frequency and sent to a receiver where the carrier and broadcast frequency are subtracted by the receiver leaving only the original audio signal.
6. The Language of Pulse Width Modulation
6. The Language of Pulse Width Modulation
6. The Language of Pulse Width Modulation
The language of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) defines the rhythmic carrier pulse train that is used in music and telegraphy and the set of rules about how variable pulse time widths are placed within the periods of the carrier pulse train.
7. Muscles
8. Pulse Width Modulation, the Language of the Brain
8. Pulse Width Modulation, the Language of the Brain
For muscles to contract at a constant rate, a set of muscle cells connected in series must contract sequentially. The extent of the contraction is determined by the time of the contraction pulse. So the extent of simple muscle movement can be determined by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
8. Pulse Width Modulation, the Language of the Brain
8. Pulse Width Modulation, the Language of the Brain
8. Pulse Width Modulation, the Language of the Brain
All animals with muscles have a brain. And all animals without muscles have no brain. Using the rhythm in PWM to control muscles, the brain can use similar circuits to create internal messages that create and understand the rhythm of speech, create and enjoy the rhythm in music, dance, and use rhythm to locate the source of a sound, and use rhythm to send and receive Morse code and speech. Since PWM is the science behind rhythm, PWM can be called the language of the brain.
9. Computing with Extents
8. Pulse Width Modulation, the Language of the Brain
10. Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
The Antikythera, Kelvin tide predictor, and the Bush differential analyzer computed outcomes by converting time extents into distance (displacement) extents that can be multiplied by gearing, and added by mechanical differential devices. So they compute using time extents, and can be called “Time Machines”. The brain may compute outcomes using pulse time extents (durations) using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
10. Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
10. Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
10. Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
Time, as we know it, is a half dimension because time moves in one (positive) direction. To compute using time, a second (negative) time direction is needed to create a full time dimension resulting in a symmetrical pulse width modulation (sPWM). So the constant amplitude of the Standard Pulse Train carrier in pulse width modulation has to consist of pulses having amplitudes of +1 and -1.
11. Order and Information
10. Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
11. Order and Information
Information is a measure of improbability (uncertainty). The larger the uncertainty, the larger the number used to represent information. Order is a measure of certainty. So zero uncertainty is a measure of order. The Standard Pulse Trains used as a carrier for scanning in Pulse Width Modulation cancels out to zero if there is no information introduced by sensors.
12. Homing and Order
10. Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
11. Order and Information
The carrier must be regular (contain no information). If errors occur in the carrier, they can be corrected by homing the carrier circuits to zero without losing information using symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation. This feature of symmetry provides the order needed in the brain to deal with its immense complexity.
13. Excitation/Inhibition Criticality and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
13. Excitation/Inhibition Criticality and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
13. Excitation/Inhibition Criticality and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
A critical balance between excitatory and inhibitory neural spikes is required to eliminate an unstable, runaway, chain reaction in a brain of excitation or inhibition. The protocol of symmetric pulse width modulation (sPWM) provides this critical balance, intrinsically.
The protocol for symmetrical pulse width modulation requires the following rule
- All pulses that are initiated must be ended at some point in time. There are no immortal pulses allowed in pulse width modulation. When a system is started, any unfinished pulses are reset to zero by a homing process.
This episodic structure limits the duration of each line of behavior, and assures that there are as many inhibitory events as excitatory events, which prohibits an unstable growth or decay of neural activity.
-For every positive starting pulse there is a negative starting pulse.
-For every positive starting pulse train there is a negative starting pulse train.
-For every excursion(movement away from a home state)there is a recursion(return to a home state).
14. Muscle Antagonism and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
13. Excitation/Inhibition Criticality and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
13. Excitation/Inhibition Criticality and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
Skeletal muscles come in pairs that act in opposition to each other. This antagonism forms a symmetrical system in which there is the potential for as much motion in one (+) direction as in the other (-) direction. When these motions are controlled by durations, a system is formed based upon symmetrical pulse width modulation (sPWM). Also, the neural circuits that control these muscles can be used to compute pulse durations that are used in messaging within the brain using sPWM.
15. Computing with spike times
13. Excitation/Inhibition Criticality and Symmetrical Pulse Width Modulation
15. Computing with spike times
The computations shown by the neural circuits in the muscle models can be carried out by the neural circuits alone, without the movement of muscle cells, as shown on pages 75-79 in my paper, “The design of a proto-animal brain based upon spike timing”, arXiv.org, 2016. This process allows an organism to navigate successfully and carryout other messaging and survival computations using spike timing of the neural circuits alone.
16. Living matter vs. non-living matter with regards to information theory
Living entities produce a decrease in entropy creating greater Order through the process of evolution using the time-dependent (logarithmic) memory system shown in my book (Machines That Learn). Non-living events produce an increase in entropy creating greater Disorder that reduces the energy available to do work. The decrease in entropy and the resulting greater Order produced by living matter increases the energy available to do work and makes it possible to deal with complexity.
These logarithmic curves were computed by the Logarithmic Co
Fechner Law (1860)
Perceived brightness or loudness is proportional to the logarithm of the actual intensity.
P = k ln So/S
The relationship between stimulus and perception is logarithmic. The logarithmic relationship means that if a stimulus varies by a geometric progress (i.e. multiplied by a fixed factor), the corresponding perception is varied by an arithmetic progression (i.e., in additive constant amounts).
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