do you want to learn :pulse width modulation, spike timing, computing with extents
(Pulse width modulation is the science behind rhythm)
To learn more about rhythm of the brain, language, and pulse width modulation, go to FINDINGS.
Differential
A differential adds plus and minus extents. For example:
0 + 0 = 0,
1 + 0 = 1,
0 + 1 = 1,
1 + 1 = 2,
1 + (-1) = 0,
(-1) + 1 = 0,
(-1) + 0 =(-1),
0 + (-1) =(-1),
(-1)+(-1)= -2.
These computations can be carried out by muscles and the brain to navigate in its environment. In a time-based (temporal) system using Pulse Width Modulation, duration extents can be computed by neural circuits that act as timers.
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Antikythera
The Antikythera was discovered in a 2000 year old shipwreck near the Greek island of Antikythera in 1901, and identified as an astronomical clock in 1902. It was examined extensively 75 years later. An accurate working model was reproduced in 2006. It used epicyclical (differential) gearing to compute the anomalies in the position of the sun and moon due to their elliptical orbits.
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Tide predicting machine
The first tide-predicting machine was designed and built in 1872-3 by William Thompson (Lord Kelvin). It used pulleys and belts as differentials to compute the harmonic changes in the tidal rhythms.
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Differential analyzer
The differential analyzer was constructed at MIT in 1928-1931 by Vannevar Bush and others using ball integrators and differentials to compute integral functions such as the trajectories of projectiles, for example.
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Demand Register
In 1963 I invented a maximum demand register (US Patent #3,325,732) that computes the logarithmic average of the electrical power of a utility customer over a specific demand period of sixty minutes, for example, and displays the results on the face of the register. Instead of computing using continuous extents like the previous devices, it samples the display value periodically, and subtracts a proportional amount of this display value from the input of the watt-hour meter to which it is attached, using a differential. Upon the application of a constant electrical load, the display of the register increases logarithmically until it produces a display value equal to 90% the power input from the meter in sixty minutes and 99% in 120 minutes.
The periodical sampling device serves the same function as the continuous ball integrator in the Differential Analyzer, but uses a periodic pulse time width value to represent the output of the integrator in a process based upon pulse width modulation (PWM).
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Telegraphy
The durations in the Antikythera, Tide predictor, Differential Analyzer, and Demand Register were determined by mechanical gearing. The “dot” and “dash” pulse durations in telegraphy are chosen by a person to convey a message using pulse width modulation. This pulse width modulation process can be used to convey messages within the brain itself, also.
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Music
Music consists of a periodic beat within longer periods called measures. The time signature defines the number of beats per measure. Various notes denote different tones (frequencies). Eighth Notes, Quarter Notes, and Half Notes denote the pulse width time that these tones are sustained. Thus the information in music is based upon pulse with modulation.
A linear muscle movement corresponds to a specific duration (time). This allows plus and minus muscle movements to compute using time.